Category of the method | References | Method | Dataset | Resolution of label | MAE (month) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
End-to-end | Alexander et al. [28] | Inception-V3 + DenseNet; fine-tuned ResNet-50; ice module; U-Net segmentation and CNN-based recognition | RSNA dataset Total data: 14,236 Training set: validation set: test set = 12,611:1425:200 The ratio of male to female is close to 1:1 | 1 month | 4.27–4.5 months |
Ren et al. [3] | Regression CNN based on inception-V3 | RSNA dataset SCH data set (Shanghai Children’s Hospital): total data: 12,390 Training set: validation set: test set = 9912:1239:1239 | 1 month | 5.2 months | |
Chen et al. [10] | ResNet + spatial transformer + LBP + GLCM + SVM | Total data: 12,536 from Shengjing Hospital, Training set: test set = 85:15 | Not mentioned | 5.5 months | |
Mutasa et al. [29] | ResNet and inception | Total data: 20,581 (10,289 from the network, 8909 from Columbia University Hospital, 1383 from the public data set) Training set: validation set: test set = 11,007:1105:300 | 1 month | 6.43 months | |
Liu et al. [30] | NSCT-based multi-scale CNN (VGG16) | Digital Hand Atlas Database System Total data: 1391 | 12Â months (1Â year) | 6.43Â months | |
Iglovikov et al. [47] | U-Net + VGG-style + linear combination | RSNA dataset | 1 month | 7.52 months | |
Hu et al. [48] | AlexNet | DR images of Uygur people, total data: 472 Training set: test set = 7:3 | 1 month | 8.40 months | |
Lee et al. [16] | Caffenet architecture | Total data: 600 Training set: test set = 2:1 | Not mentioned | 18.9 months | |
Synho et al. [18] | CNN segmentation + Lenet BAA | Training set: verification set: test set = 70:15:15 | 12 months (1 year) | Accuracy of MAE < 1 year: 92.29% | |
Tajmir et al. [17] | LeNet-5 | Total data: 8325 Training set: test set = 8045:280 | 12 months (1 year) | Accuracy of MAE < 1 year: 98.6% | |
Subregion-based | Son et al. [32] | faster R-CNN + VGG | Total data: 3344 Training set: test set = 4:1 Age: 2–14 years old | Not mentioned | 5.52 months Reject rate: 1.6% |
Bui et al. [20] | faster R-CNN + TW3 | Total data: 1375 Training set: test set = 4:1 | 12 months (1 year) | 7.08 months | |
Spampinato et al. [9] | BoNet (ad-hoc CNN, 6 layers) | Digital Hand Atlas Database System Total data: 1391 | 12Â months (1Â year) | 9.48Â months | |
Proposed method | U-Net + RPN + cascade R-CNN + DenseNet with self-attention | Total data: 2129 Annotated for fine-grained BAA: 873 Training set: test set = 4:1 Age: 2–18 years | 12 months (1 year) | 7.32 months (7.08 months for age 2–18) Reject rate: 0 |