|
1
|
Flint [13]
|
1963
|
Image taken behind mesh of 2 × 2 screen
|
Landmarks with intersection and angle formation
|
Pelvis posture
|
Roentgenographic
|
31 women patient
|
No correlation of lumbar lordosis and hip-trunk
|
Mean and SD
|
|
2
|
Loebl [14]
|
1967
|
–
|
Inclinometer for curve measure
|
Arthritis
|
Roentgenographic
|
176 images
|
10% within normal ranges
|
Percentage
|
|
3
|
Mehta [12]
|
1973
|
Intervals of 15 ∘ rotation
|
Transverse process and image matching
|
Scoliosis
|
Radiographs
|
–
|
–
|
Morphological difference
|
|
4
|
Chwialkowski et al. [16]
|
1989
|
Edge enhanced rectangular block with spine size for ROI
|
Candidate fitting vertebral finding disc space then intensity profiling between with cross compared difference
|
Lumbar disc
|
MRI
|
12–15 images
|
Abnormality in correlation intensity distribution compared with clinical evidence
|
–
|
|
5
|
Smyth et al. [17]
|
1997
|
Landmarks around contour of T7–T12 and L1–L4
|
Active shape model (ASM) starts with 3 points till convergence
|
Osteoporosis
|
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images
|
78 women patient
|
0.20
|
Precision
|
