Table 1 Summary of early era literature
Sr. no. | Author | Year | Pre-processing | Technique | Diseases | Image type | Dataset | Results | Evaluation metrics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Flint [13] | 1963 | Image taken behind mesh of 2 × 2 screen | Landmarks with intersection and angle formation | Pelvis posture | Roentgenographic | 31 women patient | No correlation of lumbar lordosis and hip-trunk | Mean and SD |
2 | Loebl [14] | 1967 | – | Inclinometer for curve measure | Arthritis | Roentgenographic | 176 images | 10% within normal ranges | Percentage |
3 | Mehta [12] | 1973 | Intervals of 15 ∘ rotation | Transverse process and image matching | Scoliosis | Radiographs | – | – | Morphological difference |
4 | Chwialkowski et al. [16] | 1989 | Edge enhanced rectangular block with spine size for ROI | Candidate fitting vertebral finding disc space then intensity profiling between with cross compared difference | Lumbar disc | MRI | 12–15 images | Abnormality in correlation intensity distribution compared with clinical evidence | – |
5 | Smyth et al. [17] | 1997 | Landmarks around contour of T7–T12 and L1–L4 | Active shape model (ASM) starts with 3 points till convergence | Osteoporosis | Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images | 78 women patient | 0.20 | Precision |