Table 2 Comparisons of Wiener filtering, Gaussian filtering, median filtering, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian noise and gamma correction, and the proposed method in error rate and image quality for watermarked images with payload 100 bits

P_{QIM − SS − ULPM}

44.24%

40.86

0.9834

29.34%

43.30

0.9914

37.38%

43.46

0.9902

P_{QIM − ULPM − SS}

44.23%

40.89

0.9834

22.39%

43.67

0.9919

37.37%

43.59

0.9903

P_{SS − QIM − ULPM}

35.09%

40.72

0.9822

38.00%

43.16

0.9911

37.48%

43.46

0.9902

P_{SS − ULPM − QIM}

49.95%

40.69

0.9823

26.58%

43.50

0.9916

37.38%

43.61

0.9903

P_{ULPM − QIM − SS}

36.19%

40.74

0.9814

37.96%

43.17

0.9911

37.41%

43.48

0.9902

P_{ULPM − SS − QIM}

38.84%

40.66

0.9811

34.17%

42.84

0.9901

37.39%

43.61

0.9903

5 × 5 Wiener filtering

9.21%

29.22

0.8817

15.92%

29.37

0.8930

19.93%

29.22

0.8840

5 × 5 Gaussian filtering

14.13%

25.41

0.8479

19.26%

25.48

0.8543

20.38%

25.42

0.8443

5 × 5 median filtering

3.93%

22.63

0.7263

3.34%

33.65

0.7291

18.20%

22.63

0.7247

Salt and pepper noise_0.05

31.19%

17.92

0.5156

19.45%

17.92

0.5135

28.45%

17.97

0.5183

Gaussian noise_0.05

22.61%

19.45

0.5664

12.74%

19.45

0.5640

24.21%

19.46

0.5663

gamma correction_0.3

5.31%

10.39

0.6747

7.28%

10.39

0.6769

0.00%

10.39

0.6752