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Table 2 Similarities and differences points among the three PVO-based methods [25]

From: High-capacity reversible image steganography based on pixel value ordering

 

PVO

IPVO

PVOMM

Similarities

 Pixel values need to be sorted in the processing unit.

 Secret information embedded by expanding the prediction error.

 Extra information has to be considered (handle the overflow/underflow problem).

 High image quality preserved after embedding secret information.

 “Fixed block” method used.

Differences

 Peak points

“1” or “− 1”

“0” and “1” (or “− 1”)

“1” or “− 1”