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The research about radiometric technology of two-dimensional rotary table based on image gray level

Abstract

It is difficult to measure infrared radiation quantitatively for fast dynamic targets such as aircraft and missile. At present, there are many problems such as low measurement accuracy, feedback delay, and complex measurement system. In this paper, a radiation measurement scheme based on image grayscale is proposed. The scheme adopts a two-dimensional turntable structure, which can measure the radiation quantity rapidly and accurately. Based on the image method, this method is used to calibrate the gray value of the target point and compare it with that of the absolute standard radiator, so as to obtain the radiation value of the target indirectly. The key of this method is to establish an accurate radiation measurement model. The proposed model based on dynamic calibration is about 50% more accurate than the traditional model. The final measurement accuracy of this model is 75%. Through the infrared radiation measurement of specific dynamic objects in two-dimensional space, it is found that the dynamic calibration model based on this measurement method has higher measurement precision.

1 Introduction

Traditional infrared radiation measurement mainly includes two kinds, one is direct measurement based on temperature and wavelength, the other is indirect measurement based on image. The results of direct measurement are relatively accurate, but it is impossible to realize the rapid measurement of remote targets, and the equipment required for direct measurement is relatively complex [1]. Therefore, the research in the field of infrared radiation measurement mainly focuses on indirect measurement. The accuracy of indirect infrared radiation measurement is affected by many factors. Accurate calibration of measuring equipment is required to obtain accurate measurement values. This calibration requires an accurate calculation model, and the establishment of the model is closely related to the idea of the model, the environmental condition of the measurement area and the time of measurement [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Material motion is the source of infrared thermal radiation. The size of infrared thermal radiation is mainly affected by the temperature of the object and the nature of the material itself. Describing thermal radiation requires some commonly used basic quantities. Thermal radiation has both the general law of electromagnetic waves and the particularity of its radiation. Therefore, in order to better describe the measurement technology of infrared radiation characteristics, we should first master the basic metrics describing infrared radiation. The radiation calibration of infrared radiation measurement system based on image is the basis of the measurement of infrared radiation characteristics. The purpose of radiation calibration is to obtain its own response parameters including the response rate and its own bias response, so as to establish a quantitative relationship between the radiation output of the radiation source and the digital output gray value of the infrared radiation measurement system. At present, in the field of measurement, the common radiation calibration methods of image-based infrared radiation measurement system mainly include close-range standard extended source image calibration method and high-temperature cavity type black body parallel optical tube calibration method.

The close-range standard extended source calibration method is one of the most common calibration methods in the field of ground shooting ranges. It mainly uses the high-emissivity and well-uniformed facial source black body as the standard extended calibration source, and places the facial source black body in the infrared radiation measurement system. Into the pupil, the effective radiation surface of the face source black body completely covers the entrance pupil of the system. In spite of this, there are also shortcomings in the application of the close-range standard extension source calibration method in the outer field. For example, as the caliber of the modern shooting range gradually increases with the infrared radiation measurement system, a standard extension source with large surface source size is required, and the difficulty of processing is greatly increased. The design and manufacturing threshold of large source extension source is high, which causes the cost of radiation calibration to increase dramatically. More seriously, the standard extension source of large surface size is difficult to rise to high temperature and maintain a uniform temperature, so that it cannot be established. The high-temperature calibration of the infrared radiation characteristic measurement system is presented. The high-temperature cavity-type black body parallel optical tube calibration method is to place the high-temperature cavity-type black body at the image surface of the large-diameter parallel optical tube to achieve a uniform expansion of the fine beam high-temperature cavity black body and to achieve a high-temperature radiation calibration in the infrared radiation measurement system. The infrared radiation measurement system is usually close to the entrance pupil of the parallel optical tube, and the parallel beam is projected into the infrared radiation measurement system after the beam is expanded, so as to achieve the calibration of the infrared radiation measurement system. Unlike the critical lighting calibration of the close-range extension source, the method is essentially uniform imaging by emitting light from the high-temperature cavity-type black body. Infrared radiation characteristic measurement technology, as an important part of improving the national defense informationization equipment system, can provide quantitative measurement data for the performance of the equipment. Therefore, the world’s military powers have always attached great importance to the development of radiation characteristic measurement techniques. Military powers such as Europe and the USA have successively established a radiation characteristic measurement system covering a wide band from ultraviolet to long-wave infrared, and vertically covers foundations, airborne (airborne, spherical), and on-orbit space-based (space-borne) radiation characteristics measurement systems. Nowadays, the construction of radiation characteristic measurement system has been basically completed, and an in-depth study has been made to improve the accuracy of the database. This paper presents a method for indirect infrared radiation measurement of targets in half-space field of view. The most important research content of this method is the inversion calibration model of infrared radiation. In this paper, the traditional inversion model is improved under the background of dynamic target measurement, and the experimental method is used to verify it, and a relatively accurate calibration model is obtained for dynamic target infrared radiation measurement.

2 Dynamic radiation measurement based on gray image

The dynamic target radiation measurement based on gray image is different from the traditional direct radiation calibration principle. The radiation model of this principle is as follows.

The operating temperature of the radiation source is assumed to be T. The output spectral radiance is Lλ, s(T). The output digital value obtained from the infrared measurement equipment to the radiation source is DN. The relationship between input radiance and output digital value of the measuring equipment is as follows:

$$ \mathrm{DN}=\alpha {\int}_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2}{R}_{\lambda}\left[{L}_{\lambda, s}(T)+{L}_{\lambda, \mathrm{bg}}\left({T}^{\hbox{'}}\right)\right] d\lambda $$
(1)

α is the absolute radiance response of the equipment to be calibrated, Rλ is the spectral response function of calibrated measuring equipment, Lλ, bg(T')is the background radiation including the radiation of the measuring equipment itself.

For the equipment calibration based on the surface source gray body, the formula for calculating the spectral radiance of the source is as follows:

$$ {L}_{\lambda, s}(T)=\frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{bb}}}{\pi }{C}_1{\lambda}^{-5}{\left({e}^{\frac{C_2}{\lambda T}}-1\right)}^{-1} $$
(2)

εbb is the transmittance of gray body, C1 and C2 are the first and second radiation constants respectively.

For calibration of equipment based on the combination of cavity gray body and parallel light pipe, the spectral radiance of the radiation source is as follows:

$$ {L}_{\lambda, s}(T)={\tau}_c\frac{\varepsilon_{\lambda \mathrm{bb}}}{\pi }{C}_1{\lambda}^{-5}{\left({e}^{\frac{C_2}{\lambda T}}-1\right)}^{-1} $$
(3)

Ï„c is the transmittance of parallel light pipe.

Make \( {L}_s={\int}_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2}{R}_{\lambda}\cdot {L}_{\lambda, s}(T) d\lambda \), \( {L}_{bg}={\int}_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2}{R}_{\lambda}\cdot {L}_{\lambda, \mathrm{bg}}\left({T}^{\hbox{'}}\right) d\lambda \), thus formula (3) is changed to the next.

$$ \mathrm{DN}=\alpha {L}_s+\alpha {L}_{\mathrm{bg}} $$
(4)

Change the operating temperature of the radiation source T. Obtain multiple device input radiance Ls, i and corresponding output value DNi. According to Eq. (4), Ls, i and DNi by linear fitting, the absolute radiance response of the device is obtained α.

DN0 = α ⋅ Lbg, radiometric displacement of a device called an infrared measurement device.

Spectral scaling based on image grayscale. The principle of spectral calibration is basically the same as that of upper section radiation calibration. The spectral calibration model of infrared measuring equipment is as follows:

$$ {\mathrm{DN}}_{\Delta \lambda }={r}_{\lambda_0}{\int}_{\lambda_0-\Delta \lambda /2}^{\lambda_0+\Delta \lambda /2}\left[{L}_{\lambda, s}(T)+{L}_{\lambda, \mathrm{bg}}\left({T}^{\hbox{'}}\right)\right] d\lambda $$
(5)

\( {r}_{\lambda_0} \) measures the response of the equipment. Lλ, s(T) spectral radiance of an infrared radiation source (an infrared monochromatic light tube). Lλ, bg(T') is the background radiation.

Change the operating temperature of the radiation source, obtain multiple sets of input radiance and corresponding output values, and perform linear fitting according to Eq. (5) to obtain the response degree of the infrared measuring equipment at the wavelength \( {r}_{\lambda_0} \).

Change the working wavelength of the monochrome lighting tube and repeat the above steps to obtain the response of the measuring equipment at each wavelength. \( {r}_{\lambda_p} \) spectral response function of the device is obtained by normalization of maximum value:

$$ {R}_{\lambda }=\frac{r_{\lambda }}{r_{\lambda_p}} $$
(6)

Accuracy model of radiometric calibration. First, the accuracy of spectral calibration of infrared measuring equipment is analyzed. According to spectral scaling formula (5):

$$ {\mathrm{DN}}_{\Delta \lambda }={r}_{\lambda_0}{\int}_{\lambda_0-\Delta \lambda /2}^{\lambda_0+\Delta \lambda /2}\left[{L}_{\lambda, s}(T)+{L}_{\lambda, \mathrm{bg}}\left({T}^{\hbox{'}}\right)\right] d\lambda $$
(7)

Relative spectral responsiveness of infrared measurement equipment Rλ(rλ) uncertainty depends on the output value of the device DNΔλ. Infrared monochrome light tube spectral radiance Lλ, s. Background radiation Lλ, bg.

  1. 1)

    Under the current technology level of infrared imaging and digital signal processing, the uncertainty DNΔλ is superior of 2%;

  2. 2)

    Lλ, s is necessary to use the infrared radiometer for measurement. The uncertainty depends on the measurement accuracy of the infrared radiometer and the non-uniformity of the lighting tube 4%. Lλ, s uncertainty is 2.8%

  3. 3)

    ±1 °C background radiation due to changes in ambient temperatureLλ, bg. Uncertainty is less than 5%

According to the above analysis, the uncertainty of relative spectral response is superior of 5.5%

The accuracy of radiometric calibration of infrared measuring equipment is analyzed as follows. According to the radiation calibration formula (7)

$$ \mathrm{DN}=\alpha {\int}_{\lambda_1}^{\lambda_2}{R}_{\lambda}\left[{L}_{\lambda, s}(T)+{L}_{\lambda, \mathrm{bg}}\left({T}^{\hbox{'}}\right)\right] d\lambda $$
(8)

The uncertainty of the absolute radiance response of the equipment depends on the output value of the equipment, the spectral radiance of the radiation source, the relative spectral response of the equipment, and the background radiation Lλ, bg.

  1. 1)

    Uncertainty is better than 1%;

  2. 2)

    Under the current level of gray system, the spectral radiance uncertainty of gray body is better than 2%;

  3. 3)

    Uncertainty of relative spectral response of equipment is better than 3.6%;

  4. 4)

    Background radiation uncertainty is 2%.

According to the above analysis, the uncertainty of the absolute radiofrequency response of the device is better than 4.7%.

3 Method—design of infrared radiation measurement model based on dynamic calibration

According to specific dynamic target infrared radiation measurement requirements, the above measurement model is improved. The calibration and data processing system involved in the model is composed of calibration equipment, atmospheric correction equipment, and target characteristics data processing equipment. The system mainly completes the radiation calibration of the infrared measurement equipment and the inversion processing of the target measurement data, and finally obtains the infrared radiation characteristics of the target.

3.1 Conditions and methods for establishing the radiation measurement model

Indirect-type infrared radiation calibration equipment including high-temperature chamber gray body, low-temperature diffuse gray body, parallel light tube, infrared radiometer, and calibration data processing equipment such as computer, used in the infrared measurement equipment in the laboratory radiation calibration, determine the infrared radiation of input and output signal of the measuring device, the radiation response of the relationship between the radiation response. Atmospheric correction equipment includes micro-pulse lidar, temperature-humidity instrument, and atmospheric radiation transmission calculation software, which are used to measure atmospheric parameters and calculate the atmospheric transmittance and range radiation between the target and the infrared measurement equipment according to atmospheric parameters and target position information. The calibration equipment mainly includes the surface source gray body and the infrared paint reference plate, which is used to calibrate the atmospheric transmittance between the target and the infrared measurement equipment in real time. The target characteristics data processing equipment USES the radiation response of the infrared measurement equipment, atmospheric transmittance between the target and the infrared measurement equipment and other data to calculate the infrared radiation characteristics of the target from the target measurement data, such as the target radiance and radiation intensity.

The most important function of the infrared characteristics measurement system based on image grayscale is to measure the infrared radiation characteristics of the target [2, 3, 12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. The operating principle of the system is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Schematic diagram of the model

In Fig. 1, the symbols in the data processing block diagram of the target characteristics are as follows:

α—infrared radiation response measuring equipment;

DN0—calibration deviation of dn0-infrared measuring equipment;

τR′—target aircraft and the atmospheric transmittance between infrared measuring equipment;

LR′— target aircraft and infrared measuring equipment between atmospheric path radiation;

Lsky—Lsky-measured sky background brightness;

DNt—infrared measurement equipment to the target;

DNbb—measured value of the standard calibration gray body (or the infrared paint pod) of the dnbb-infrared measuring equipment;

IT—infrared measuring equipment integral time;

WB—infrared measuring equipment working band.

The measurement of infrared characteristics based on image grayscale includes two tasks: first, acquisition of target information and acquisition of target infrared digital image information. The second is the data processing of the target characteristics.

The process of target information acquisition is as follows:

Step 1: get the infrared image of the surface source gray body. The two-dimensional infrared measurement rotary table equipment can capture the target according to the guidance information, and then the servo tracking equipment can achieve precise tracking and measurement of the target through reasonable tracking means, and obtain the gray level of the surface source gray body (or the infrared image gray level) and transmit it to the data acquisition and transmission equipment.

Step 2: acquire the target infrared image. The image grayscale is transmitted to the data acquisition and transmission equipment.

Step 3: import the gray image index of the two into the calculation model, get the relationship curve between the gray value and infrared radiation value under specific target and specific condition, and invert the required target radiation value according to the curve.

The data processing process of the target features is as follows:

First, calibration equipment of infrared measuring equipment is used to calibrate the radiation and determine the degree of infrared radiation response of the measuring equipment offset DN0 α and calibration. By the target information acquisition process, infrared measuring equipment first obtain H0 height, horizontal distance R0 of non-point source gray body infrared image, thus calculate the distance measured atmospheric transmittance of R0 LR0, R0, and Cheng radiation. At the same time, a laser radar, the temperature and humidity meter atmospheric measurement equipment, was used so as to obtain highly H0 Ta aerosol extinction coefficient, temperature, and relative humidity RH, parameters, such as the provided MODTRAN software calculation theory of atmospheric transmittance R0 and theoretical path radiation LR0. As a result, get the atmospheric transmittance correction coefficient C = R0, routine radiation correction coefficient Cp = LR0/LR0.

Then, the infrared characteristic of the target of distance R is measured, and the infrared image of the target aircraft is obtained. Ta, RH, and according to the atmospheric parameters, by using MODTRAN software to calculate the distance R theory of atmospheric transmittance R routine radiation LR and theory, and then multiplied by the transmittance correction coefficient C respectively and routine radiation correction coefficient Cp, after correction of atmospheric transmittance LR * R * and radiation.

Finally, using the infrared radiation response of measurement equipment, calibration after atmospheric transmittance LR*R and Cheng radiation, the gray value is measured by the target infrared radiation characteristics of inverse calculation target aircraft, such as radial brightness and radiant intensity.

3.2 The calibration model of infrared radiation measurement based on image grayscale is designed

Based on the calibration theory of infrared coating radiation measurement model, the model based on infrared target image is improved:

$$ {L}_t=\frac{\left({\mathrm{DN}}_t-{\mathrm{DN}}_0\right)/\alpha -\left(\frac{{L_R}^{\hbox{'}}}{{L_{R0}}^{\hbox{'}}}{L}_{R0}{\tau}_1+{L}_1\right)}{\frac{{\tau_R}^{\hbox{'}}}{{\tau_{R0}}^{\hbox{'}}}{\tau}_{R0}{\tau}_1} $$
(9)

From the above equation, Lt measurement accuracy depends on DNt, DN0, α, τR0, LR0, \( \frac{{\tau_R}^{\hbox{'}}}{{\tau_{R0}}^{\hbox{'}}} \), \( \frac{{L_R}^{\hbox{'}}}{{L_{R0}}^{\hbox{'}}} \), τ1, and L1. The above uncertainty parameters are analyzed as follows: target measurement output value DNt is better than 1%. The radiance response of infrared equipment DN0 is better than 4.7%. Measured atmospheric transmittance based on infrared targets τR0 uncertainty is 10.5%. The uncertainty of measured atmospheric path radiation based on infrared target is set at 12%., uncertainty is about 4.1%. The uncertainty of transmittance ratio and radiation ratio is 3.5%. According to the above analysis, the accuracy of the infrared target inversion method is 49%. Compared with the traditional measurement model, the accuracy of the model is improved by 50%.

4 Radiation measurement results and discussions based on image grayscale

In order to verify the accuracy of the above model based on image gray level inversion calibration with higher measurement accuracy, related experiments are carried out in this paper.

4.1 The test methods and procedures

The test procedure is as follows:

In the laboratory using the infrared camera gray body radiation calibration, determine the camera radiation responsivity α and offset DN0;

In the external field, an infrared camera is used to measure the surface source gray body at a distance of R0 to obtain the measured atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation.

During the measurement period, the ground horizontal visibility Vis was obtained by using lidar, and the air temperature Ta and relative humidity RH were obtained by using temperature and humidity meter. According to these parameters, the theoretical atmospheric transmittance and path radiation between infrared camera and gray body were calculated by using MODTRAN software.

Calculation of atmospheric transmittance correction coefficient and range radiation correction coefficient.

The gray body was placed in the distance infrared camera (R), and the gray body was measured with the infrared camera to obtain the infrared image of the distance R.

According to distance R, the theoretical atmospheric transmittance and path radiation between the mid-wave infrared camera and the gray body were calculated by using MODTRAN software, and the corrected transmittance and path radiation were obtained by multiplying the correction coefficient respectively.

Based on the radiation response of infrared camera degree α and offset DN0, respectively, using the theory of atmospheric transmittance and routine radiation and the atmospheric transmittance and routine radiation after correction, the inversion of the gray body radial brightness, calculate the inversion error.

The experimental measurement system adopted is based on mid-wave infrared, which adopts the MW MimiCore HRC detector of FLIR company. The parameters, shape, and response curves of the detector are shown in Table 1:

Table 1 Parameters of the test system detector

The spectral curve of the detector of the grayscale infrared radiation measurement system is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Spectral response curve of medium wave detector

The optical system adopted by the measurement system is a transmission optical system, and its main technical indicators are as follows:

  • Mouth diameter: 80 mm;

  • Focal distance: f = 160 mm;

  • Visual field: 3.4°× 2.7°.

The advantages of the system are large field of view and good image quality. The aspherical transmission mirror can ensure good imaging quality in the larger field of view. The optical mechanical structure of the optical system is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Optical system diagram of the test system

For the characteristic frequency of 16lp/mm, the diffraction limit is reached on the transfer function number axis of the optical system, the diffraction limit is nearly reached outside the axis, and the system distortion is less than 1%. The system aberration curve of the test system is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
figure 4

System aberration curve diagram

4.2 Experiment and analysis based on image grayscale

In 2018, using FLIR mid-wave infrared camera and ISDC face source gray body, the project team carried out field test of radiation measurement method based on calibrated gray body on a road with few pedestrians. The FLIR camera measures the gray body images of different distances as shown in Fig. 5. In this figure, a is the 100 m gray body measurement image, b is the 200 m gray body measurement image, c is the 300 m gray body measurement image, and d is the 400 m gray body measurement image.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Grayscale of field test

The grayscale radiation results of laboratory images of the FLIR mid-wave infrared camera are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Calibration results of FLIR mid-wave infrared camera

Table 3 shows the measurement results of the FLIR medium wave camera at different temperatures of 100 m in different integral time.

Table 3 Measurement results of gray bodies at different temperatures at a distance of 100 m

Table 4 shows the measured atmospheric transmittance at a distance of 100 m calculated from the measured value of the gray body.

Table 4 Measured atmospheric transmittance at a distance of 100 m

MODTRAN software is used to calculate 100 m from the theory of atmospheric transmittance 0.794; using the theory of 80.5 m of the measured atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric transmittance, calculate the atmospheric transmittance correction coefficient.

Cτ = τa/τa' = 0.756/0.794 = 0.952 IT = 0.5 ms

Cτ = τa/τa' = 0.762/0.794 = 0.960 IT = 1 ms

Cτ = τa/τa' = 0.763/0.794 = 0.961 IT = 2 ms

The gray body is then measured at distances of 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m from the FLIR. By using MODTRAN software to calculate the distance of the theory of atmospheric transmittance ‘a. The atmospheric transmittance calculated by the model is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Theoretical atmospheric transmittance at various distances calculated by MODTRAN

Using transmittance CÏ„ correction coefficient C of 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m theory of atmospheric transmittance, Ï„a* = τa’ × CÏ„, as shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Corrected atmospheric transmittance

Then, using the theory of MODTRAN respectively atmospheric transmittance Ï„a’τ and revised the atmospheric transmittance τα*, to 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m in gray body target measurements of radiation inversion. As shown in Table 7 for IT = 0.5 ms, the theory of MODTRAN atmospheric transmittance Ï„a’τ was used and the atmospheric transmittance Ï„a* in inversion results was revised.

Table 7 Inversion results of atmospheric transmittance after modification when IT = 0.5 ms

The experiment USES different integral time of infrared camera to extract gray image. Table 8 shows the inversion results of MODTRAN atmospheric transmittance and modified atmospheric transmittance when IT = 1 ms.

Table 8 Inversion results of atmospheric transmittance after modification when IT = 1 ms

Three kinds of integral time were used to measure this experiment, respectively, and reasonable selection was made according to the difference of grayscale and contrast. When IT = 2 ms is shown in Table 9, the inversion results of MODTRAN atmospheric transmittance and modified atmospheric transmittance are used.

Table 9 Inversion results of atmospheric transmittance after modification when IT = 2 ms

It can be seen from the results of the measurement based on image grayscale calibration model of 2D turntable infrared radiation measurement inversion to correction of measurements, the inversion error as the measuring distance is magnified by the increasing trend, but the correction of the model through the inversion error is significantly lower, you can think of model calibration on the infrared radiation calibration of measuring device with high precision.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, the traditional indirect infrared radiation measurement model is improved, which is more suitable for remote dynamic target radiation measurement. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, a set of physical test system was established, and the model was validated by ground test. From the experimental results, the calibration model based on image grayscale has high accuracy in infrared radiation measurement, and its quantitative measurement accuracy is improved by about 50%. Due to the limited conditions, the ground verification method is adopted in this test, and only the infrared radiation measurement of a single-direction target is verified in space. For the target selection, aircraft, missiles, and other quick maneuvering targets are not adopted, but the targets with slow movement are adopted. In the following research, it is necessary to improve these experiments and adopt more direct physical objects for measurement verification and model modification. At the same time, it is very necessary to analyze the environmental conditions in the follow-up study. The influence of atmospheric environment on radiation accuracy is very large, and the measurement accuracy of different atmospheric permeability, visibility, temperature, humidity, and other environments changes greatly. A more accurate measurement model can be obtained by fitting the refined experimental values under the above atmospheric conditions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and valuable suggestions.

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About the authors

Xue Xiangyao received M. Sc and Ph. D from Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is associate research fellow in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences now. His main research interests include structure design of fine optical mechanics and image process.

Liu Chunxiang was born in 1983, and graduated in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is associate research fellow in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences now. Her present research interests include photoelectric image, image process.

Qiao Jian was born in 1980, and graduated in Ji Lin University, and was associate research fellow in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is associate research fellow in Foshan University now. Her present research interests include Structure design of fine optical mechanics, Laser precision machining technology and Heavy-duty mobile robot.

Zhang Wenbao was born in 1967, and graduated in Qiqi Har University and is associate research fellow in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics. His main research interests include structure design of fine optical mechanics.

Li Ning was born in 1983, and graduated in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is associate research fellow in Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences now. His present research interests include photoelectric image.

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All authors take part in the discussion of the work described in this paper. The author XX wrote the first version of the paper. The author LC carried out the experiments of the paper. QJ, ZW, and LN revised the paper in different versions. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ning Li.

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Xue, X., Liu, C., Qiao, J. et al. The research about radiometric technology of two-dimensional rotary table based on image gray level. J Image Video Proc. 2019, 45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-019-0413-z

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  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-019-0413-z

Keywords