From: Refining deep convolutional features for improving fine-grained image recognition
Encoding methods
Cub (%)
Air (%)
Cars (%)
Dogs (%)
Fisher Vectors
79.0
82.3
83.7
64.1
VLAD
80.8
83.0
87.1
65.8
VLAD-FV
82.0
84.1
88.5
67.5