Table 6 Overall comparison between the related schemes and the proposed scheme
Methods | [16] | Proposed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Applications | Image hiding | Image hiding | Secret hiding | Secret hiding |
Embedding domain | Frequency | Spatial | Spatial | Spatial |
Computational complexity | High | Low | Low | Low |
Operation upon QR code | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Module-based | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Utilizing the error correction capability | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Secret payload | – | – | tc bits | Larger than tc bits |