Table 5 Comparison with existing techniques in terms of angular MAE using Pointing’04 database with 9 poses for pitch and 13 poses for yaw

Our approach

HOG + structural SVM [27]

Dense SIFT + RP [24]

Kernel PLS regression [31]

Gabor + covariance + learning [28]

Multi-scale SF + SVM [23]

SF + LPF [21]

Geometric approach (golden ratio) [18]

Cropped head + SVM + SVR [32]

Human performance [26]

Associative memory [26]

LDA + linear learning [35]