Table 2 Parameter values of the methods

Proposed preprocessing

Amplitude of the trace-based filter is 30, amplitude of the shock filter is 45, τ₁ = updated at each iteration, other parameters of these filters are kept as in the related study[39], and kernel size of median filter is 25 × 25.

Log-Gabor filter[40] and modified phase map

$\begin{array}{l}{f}_0\left(x\right)={\left(3\times {2.1}^{\left(x-1\right)}\right)}^{-1},1\le x\le S=3,{\sigma }_r=log\left(0.55\right),\\ {\sigma }_{\theta }=1.2,{\theta }_0\left(x\right),1\le x\le O=8,\beta =1,\mathrm{and}{\sigma }_q=3\cdot \end{array}$

GAC[23]

$\begin{array}{l}{\tau }_2=0.2,\vartheta =1,\mathrm{and}\alpha =0.3\end{array}$

PBLS[24]

τ₂ = updated at each iteration, ϑ = 0.07, and α = 1

DRLSE[25]

τ₂ = 5, σ = 1.5, μ = 0.04, ϑ = 5, α = ± 1.5, and c₀ = 2

ARLS[28]

τ₂ = 5, σ = 1.4, μ = 0.04, ϑ = 2.7, α = ± 1, and c₀ = ±1

Proposed segmentation

τ₂ = 1, μ = 0.2, ϑ = 0.6, α = 3, and c₀ = {2, 5}

RBLSE[33]

τ₂ = 0.1, σ = 4, μ = 1, ϑ = 0.01 × 255², and c₀ = 1